The Drug Policies Of Drug Regulations - 995 Words

America is at war. We have been fighting drug abuse for over a century. Four Presidents have personally waged war on drugs. Unfortunately, it is a war that we are losing. Drug abusers continue to fill our courts, hospitals, and prisons. The drug trade causes violent crime that ravages our neighborhoods. Children of drug abusers are neglected, abused, and even abandoned. The only beneficiaries of this war are organized crime members and drug dealers. There needs to be sensible reform of drug regulations. I will try to be brief but I’m going to go through a chronological overview of past presidents and the effects that they had during their presidencies during the war on drugs. The Early stages of the what are considered drugs were†¦show more content†¦Marijuana I think became a victim of the time and was more directed at a larger cultural indifference that was in America at the time. As we approach the 1980s president Ronald Reagan took office. Reagan drasticall y increased the efforts for the war on drugs. Not only did he increase funding for all agencies but he also enacted several bills that began to increase the rate at which people were incarcerated for nonviolent drug related offenses. In the same decade, a lot of the public began to fear and support the war on drugs. In 1985 roughly 2 – 6 percent of the American population saw drugs as the number one problem in America. In 1989 however that number had risen to roughly 64 percent of the population. This was mainly due to propaganda that was implemented into the television and entertainment medias. Within less than a year the percentage of Americans that felt drugs were the number one problem dwindled down to roughly 10 percent of the population due to the media losing interest in the war on drugs. Bill Clinton pushed for treatment of convicted drug offenders rather than incarceration during his campaign. Bill fell short of his actions though and fell in line behind his predeces sors by rejecting decriminalization bills and reinforcing the war on drugs. His actions pale in comparison to George W. Bush who took office at the turn of the millennium. George was a war on drugsShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Drug Enforcement Administration 1712 Words   |  7 PagesOrigin of the Agency The Drug Enforcement Administration has a long history that marks its significance and succession. Much had been going on during the late nineteen-sixties and early seventies that shaped the years between such as: the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., the Hippie movement, the closing days of the Vietnam War, the disbandment of the Beatles, Woodstock, the first man on the moon, and the beginning of the Watergate scandal (to name a few). President Richard Nixon took officeRead MoreDrug Pricing and Competition Issues in India Through Dpco and Cdcso Activites1135 Words   |  5 Pages1. 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Despite the criminalization of m arijuana, a significant number of people still use the drug for medicinal or recreational purposes. The old trends that focus on the drug prohibition policies should develop alternative policies that will allow the effective control of marijuana. Detailed information is presented on the local and foreign production of the drug, its persistence in the marketRead MoreRegulatory Agency Paper1549 Words   |  7 Pages Federal Drug and Food Administration â€Å"The Federal Drug Administration is an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA organization consist of the Office of Commissioner and four directorates overseeing four core functions of the agency: Medical Products, and Tobacco, Foods, Global Regulatory Operations, and Policy, and Operations† (FDA, 2011). The FDA is responsible ensuring the safety ofRead MoreWhos in Charge of the Store? Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pagesbalance the California state budget, would be a mistake. Furthermore he stresses the need for statewide comprehensive regulations, for all aspects of medical marijuana production, from the growing fields, through harvest, including product testing, physician prescription monitoring, and dispensing controls to provide safe guards for the patient. Torrico also advocates security regulations that would establish how many marijuana dispensaries could be in a single community, how much could be dispensed atRead Morecu1572900 Words   |  4 Pagessetting, The Medicines Act 1968 The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 The Misuse of Drugs(Safe Custody) Regulations 1973 SI 1973No 798 as amended By Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 The NHS Scotland Pharmaceutical Service (Regulations) 1995 The Social Work (Scotland) Act 1968 as amended by The Regulations of Care Act 2001 The Children Act 1989 The Children s Act (Scotland) 1995 The Data Protection Act 1998 The Care Standards Act 2000 The Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001 The Health and Social

The Comparison Of Socrates And The Death Of Plato And Plato

For many years people have been reading and discussing what writings and works mean from cave drawing and different pieces of art to the Bible. Today we will be discussing the The Death of Socrates (Apology Crito and Phaedo) and the author Plato. Plato was a student of Socrates. In these dialogues, he narrates the events leading up to Socrates’ death. To begin I will be discussing the reasons why Plato wrote these dialogues. Leading into the discussion of each dialogue and the importance each work. Socrates was a man who in these dialogues discusses how during his life he knew that he did not know everything and believed that the gods had given him the duty of investigating others and showing them the truth; the youth of the city found†¦show more content†¦In this first dialogue Plato, is Plato is writing down Socrates defense and the responses of his accusers. In this dialogue, it is extraordinarily clear that Socrates is very good at using questions to prove his po int. He lays a foundation for his argument by saying that he is being falsely accused and that he is the only one telling the whole truth. He then classifies his accusers into two separate categories, â€Å"the older accusers† and â€Å"the more recent accusers.† The first being those who have been against Socrates and his investigations, and has taught those who oversee acquitting Socrates since they were children. Socrates â€Å"fears them the most,† different from the second, those who accuse him more recently, the new accusers who believe â€Å"Socrates is guilty of corrupting the youth and of believing in gods whom the state believes in, but in other new divinities.† Socrates discusses how the oracle said that there was none wiser than Socrates; therefore, he goes about testing ‘intelligent’ people. Socrates gives his defense and is just in doing so and though he only told the truth he was found guilty. He and Meletus proposed punishm ents that each had decided was suitable, and Socrates was sentenced to death. Leading to our next dialogue To continue, with the dialogue Crito, Plato writes the dialogue between Crito who wants to help Socrates escape the death sentence given to him and SocratesShow MoreRelated Comparison of Platos The Last Days of Socrates and Hesses Siddhartha1699 Words   |  7 PagesComparison of Platos The Last Days of Socrates and Hesses Siddhartha       The Last Days of Socrates and Siddhartha are sources that reveal information about religious or philosophical ideas in the cultures that they focus on. While vast differences exist between the Greek and Indian values that shape their philosophies, they make similar assumptions as they attempt to make sense of the world. 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Nutrition Discussion Set 1 Free Essays

NUTR 2202 DISCUSSION SET I CHAPTERS 1-5 1. (30 points) Using Appendix H in your textbook: †¢ Fill in the calories, carbohydrate, fat and its components (sat, poly, mono, trans), and fiber values for each food/beverage in the table found on the last page of this Discussion Set. Remember to look at the portion and adjust values if the portion in the table is different than that listed in Appendix H. We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrition Discussion Set 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ Add each column to get a total for all nutrients. Please answer this question by filling in the chart. TIP: we will also use this day’s intake for DS2 and DS3. Highlight the entries in your text and you won’t have to find them again. 2. (35 points) Using the example for how to calculate the energy from food (page 10 in the text): †¢ Determine what percentage of the calories for this day’s intake were from carbohydrate (CHO), total fat, and each type of fat. Percentage of the Calories from CHO: 41% Percentage of the Calories from total fat: 48% Sat. Fat: 17% Mono Fat: 8% Poly Fat: 4% Trans Fat: 3% †¢ Show or explain your calculations. To find the % of the calories that were from carbs I took the total amount of carbs consumed for the day (380. 3 g) and multiplied it by 4kcal/g (380. 3 x 4) to get 1521. 3 kcal. I then divided that product by my total overall calories for the day (3736. 5) to give me . 407, and from there a multiplied that number by 100 to give me 41%. *I used the same format for the remaining calculations. * Total Fat: 200. 3 x 9 = 1802. 7†¦.. 1802. 7/3736. 5 = . 482†¦. 0. 482 x 100 = 48% Sat Fat: 72. 55 x 9 = 652. 95†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦652. 95/3736. 5 = . 174†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦0. 74 x 100 = 17% Mono Fat: 34. 55 x 9 = 310. 95†¦.. 310. 95/3736. 5 = . 083†¦.. 0. 083 x 100 = 8% Poly Fat: 18. 1 x 9 = 162. 9†¦.. 162. 9/3736. 5 = . 043†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 0. 043 x 100 = 4% Trans Fat: 13 x 9 = 117†¦. 117/3736. 5 = . 031†¦.. 0. 031 x 100 = 3% †¢ Compare the CHO and total fat values to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges. The % of calories from carbs fell just short of A MDR’s range of 45 – 65% with a percentage of 41%. The % of calories from total fats was good amount over AMDR’s range of 20 – 35% with a percentage of 48% . (20 points) Using the information in Highlight 1 in your textbook, find a credible website that has nutrition and/or health information that is of interest to you: www. healthypeople. gov †¢ Give at least 3 ways you determined it was reliable. 1. The web address ends in â€Å". gov†. 2. The web page is often updated and its last update was on Thursday, September 20, 2012. 3. The web site is managed by the U. S Department of Health and Human Services and it states this at the bottom of each page of the website. Provide a summary of the information provided by the website and how it will be helpful to you (beyond what you have learned in the text). Healthy People is a scientifically based website that provides objectives and opportunities to help improve the health and lifestyles of all Amer icans. The website gives you multiple different topics regarding health (anything from Nutrition and Weight status to topics about Cancer) to help better inform you about the topic, how to act on the topic, and institutions/interventions working on the topic. It will be helpful to me because it provides me with information about some topics that I might not have known very much about, and if I am passionate or am directly affected by a topic, it gives me many different ways on how to act on the topic. 4. (10 points) What is the most common cause of peptic ulcers? What is recommended treatment? The most common cause is due to H. pylori bacterial infection. Recommended treatment is to treat for infection, eliminate any food that routinely causes indigestion or pain, and avoid coffee and caffeine- and alcohol- containing beverages. 5. 10 points) In your own words, describe the difference in soluble and insoluble fibers, including how they impact our health. Soluble fibers dissolve/absorb in contact with water and essentially swell up to form a gel like substance. Soluble fibers impact our health in that they help aid in keeping blood glucose at a moderate level and lowering cholesterol. Insoluble fibers are the exact opposite of soluble fibe rs in that they do not dissolve or absorb in water and pass through our digestive system with little or no change. Insoluble fibers help greatly with intestinal health (i. . hemorrhoid and constipation prevention). USE THE LABEL INFORMATION ON THE LAST PAGE of the Discussion Set FOR THE REMAINDER OF THE QUESTIONS. SHOW ANY CALCULATIONS NEEDED TO ARRIVE AT YOUR ANSWERS. 6. (10 points) What percentage of your AI for fiber would 2 servings of this food contribute to your day’s intake? My AI for fiber would be at right about 41 grams, therefore, 2 servings of this cereal (14 g fiber) would contribute to 29% of my day’s intake (14/41 = . 292†¦.. 0. 292 x 100 = 29. 2=29%). 7. (10 points) What type of fiber do you think is included in this food? I think it included both soluble and insoluble fiber because it has both oats (which contain soluble) and bran (which contain insoluble). 8. (5 points) What is the predominant ingredient in this food? Whole Oats 9. (10 points) Does this product contain trans fat? Tell me what information on the label justifies your answer. No, because it shows 0 grams next to trans-fat in the nutrition label, but even then some foods can still contain trans-fat even if it says 0g so I had to look at the ingredients to check to see if hydrogenated/ partially hydrogenated was in the list and in this case it was not. 0. (10 points) Would this be considered a low-fat food? Why or why not? No, because generally for it to be considered a low fat food it needs to have 3g or less fat per serving, and this product has 7g. 5 EC points: is your computer file named correctly? [pic] NOTE—this page is in Landscape format so it will be wider than the previous pages and, if you print it out, should print in t he Landscape orientation. FOOD |PORTION |CALORIES (kcal) |Carbohydrate (g) |FAT (g) | Sat (g) | Mono (g) | Poly (g) | Trans (g) |FIBER (g) | |Breakfast | | | | | | | | | | |Skim milk |1. cups |124. 5 kcal |18. 3 g |0. 3 g |0. 15 g |0. 15 g |0 g |——— |0 g | |Cracklin’ Oat Bran |1 cup |267 kcal |46. 7 g |9. 3 g |4. 0 g |4. 7 g |1. 3 g |0 g |8. 0 g | |A. M. Snack | | | | | | | | | | |Popcorn (popped in oil) |2 cups |128 kcal |10. 0 g |9. 6 g |1. 6 g |2. 2 g |5. 2 g |——– |1. 8 g | |Kool-Aid |16 oz. |216 kcal |55. 6 g |0 g | 0 g |0 g |0 g |——– |0. 4 g | |Lunch | | | | | | | | | | |Jack in the Box. Ultimate Cheeseburger |1 |1010 kcal |53. 0 g |71. 0 g |28. 0 g |——– |——- |3. 0 g |2. g | |Jack in the Box Onion Rings |1 serving |500 kcal |51. 0 g |30. 0 g |6. 0 g |——— |——— |10 g |3. 0 g | |Coke (regular) |12 oz. |136 kcal |35. 2 g |0. 1 g |0 g |0 g |0 g |——- |0 g | |P. M. Snack | | | | | | | | | | |Peanut Butter cookies |3 |489 kcal |50. 7 g |27. 6 g |5. 1 g |14. 1 g |6. 9 g |——– |2. 7 g | |Tap Water |2 cups |0 kcal |0 g |0 g | 0 g | 0 g | 0 g | 0 g | 0 g | |Dinner | | | | | | | | | | |Potato, baked (flesh only) |? cup |57 kcal |13. 1 g |0. 1 g |0 g |0 g |0 g |——— |0. g | |Butter |3 tablespoons |306 kcal |0 g |34. 5 g |21. 9 g |9. 0 g |1. 2 g |——— |0 g | |Ham, cured, boneless, 11% fat, roasted |6 ounces |302 kcal |0 g |15. 4 g |5. 4 g |3. 8 g |2. 4 g |———- |0 g | |Yellow sweet corn, boiled, drained |1 cup |178 kcal |41. 2 g |2. 2 g |0. 4 g |0. 6 g |1 g |———- |4. 6 g | |Strawberries, raw |? cup |23 kcal |5. 5 g |0. 2 g |0 g |0 g |0. 1 g |——— |1. 4 g | | TOTALS | ———————- |3736. 5 kcal |380. 3 g |200. 3 g |72. 55 g |34. 55 g |18. 1 g |13 g | 24. 8 g | | How to cite Nutrition Discussion Set 1, Papers

Descriptive Paragraph free essay sample

Those cruel words had dug right into my heart, as if someone had stabbed me at that moment. Her eyes were frosty deep blue, she had blond hair the smell of divine cherry, and her perfume of sweet vanilla. As I walked away from her you could hear the creeks of the floor as I took each step down that colorless hall. When I entered our room; I could almost remember every single one of our happiest moments. As I started to weep silently I got out one of the traveling bags from underneath the bed, took my clothes from the drawer, and placed it swiftly inside. When I had finished packing I breathlessly passed by her, inhaling her perfume one last time. Not stopping to say goodbye, I touched the briskly knob and gently closed the door behind me. When I got outside, I noticed that the once busy streets were now empty; as if in some strange way the coming of the never ending rain had dried up the city, pounding on the rooftops and turning the sidewalks and roads into vast lakes of dead muddy waters. Dark gray clouds covered the once vivid blue sky only letting a few rays of feeble sun slip past the barrier. The monotonous sound of raindrops beating on the sidewalk blended in with the occasional whoosh of the breeze through the treetops. Everything was bleak, gray, and dreary- even the atmosphere. People dressed in heavy coats, and bearing large umbrellas walking quickly with purpose, not stopping to look at anything or anyone. Once I got to the corner it seemed like I was the only person standing there now, at that isolated corner waiting†¦ except I wasn’t exactly sure of what though; her, or some sort of transportation to take me far away from that dreary place. The rain was now tickling my nose and I could feel the water from beneath my feet in my shoe, as well as I could feel my now very messy damp hair. As I raised my right hand for a cab I felt a very freezing raindrop go down my arm, under my sleeve, and past my chest The black and yellow cab stopped right in front of me making it easier for me to go inside of it without having to step in the soggy mud. As the driver turned around to ask â€Å"where to? † I noticed the juiciest, most mouthwatering hamburger with the smell of a Saturday afternoon barbeque held up in his right hand. My stomach grumbled; for I hadn’t eaten yet, so I said without hesitating, to take me to the nearest restaurant, as he gave me a weird look, grinned and turned back to the wheel. As we were getting I leaned my face on the window thinking about the whole break-up and with a positive attitude I whispered silently â€Å"its for the best† as the window in front of me fogged up. After ten minutes of being in the cab. I finally hit my stop. I thanked the driver paid him, opened the door and got out, just see myself standing in front of Mc Donald’s- the best most wonderful restaurant at that moment ; just because I was starving. I quickly grabbed my bags that I had put on the wringing wet ground and started running to get inside trying to not get a single raindrop on me. Once I got a hold of the handle, I opened the door, steeped inside and noticed that this McDonalds wasn’t like the others, it had a lot more space, and it seemed like there wasn’t such a crowd because of it. This McDonalds had two floors; the first floor for ordering, washrooms and some space to eat with seats and tables, and the second floor was manly focused on seats and tables except only with a massive glass wall on the right, allowing you to see outside. When I finished ordering my double cheese burger with fries and a drink, I went to get a seat on the second floor beside the over sized window, and while I stared at each drop of rain hit the bare ground I took my biggest bite at the burger tasting the juicy ground beef, the sour lemon with the soft, white brown buns, the spicy pepper mixed up with the grilled cheese stacking up on top of each other tasting very appetizing and pleasantly in my mouth. Finishing my last bite of the burger and having my last drink of the cup I threw the garbage out, not noticing whether I was recycling or not. I picked up my bags and headed for the exit. When I was opening the bleak handle, getting ready to be soaking wet once again, I noticed that some girl had knocked down my bags onto the floor causing all my clothes that were inside to go flying everywhere. I quickly bent down to the floor trying to get my belongings back into my now broken bag, and also not letting people see my lucky colorful , full of life rainbow boxers. Getting up to see from afar if I had missed anything the girl that had made me drop my stuff came up to me apologizing and handed back to me the last pair of pants that I had missed. She had polished light brown hair, her eyes forest green and her skin looking naturally moisturized †¦she was stunningly beautiful! Stretching out my hand to get a hold of my pants again, I told her it was okay with a greeting smile whole she still kept her hand up waiting for me to shake it. When I touched her soothing hand I had forgotten everything that had happened the whole day because I had a feeling everything was going to change. She told me her name was Fiona; waiting for a response I told her my name was Colin. Letting go of her hand she offered to buy me a drink for what she had done, as I agreed we bought some coffee and sat where I had been sitting before; beside the clear window. We started talking as I noticed that the sun was glowing giving the grass a natural sparkle and drying up the streets from the heavy rain. The sky was back to its radiant light blue color and my heart had been fulfilled once again.

Biography of Bernardo OHiggins, Liberator of Chile

Biography of Bernardo O'Higgins, Liberator of Chile Bernardo OHiggins (August 20, 1778–October 24, 1842) was a Chilean landowner, general, president, and one of the leaders of its struggle for independence. Although he had no formal military training, OHiggins took charge of the ragged rebel army and fought the Spanish from 1810 to 1818, when Chile achieved its independence. Today, he is revered as the liberator of Chile and the father of the nation. Fast Facts: Bernardo O'Higgins Known For:  Leader during Chiles struggle for independence, general, presidentBorn:  August 20, 1778 in Chilln, ChileParents: Ambrosio OHiggins and Isabel RiquelmeDied:  October 24, 1842 in Lima, PeruEducation: San Carlos College, Peru, Catholic school in EnglandNotable Quote: Lads! Live with honor, or die with glory! He who is brave, follow me! Early Life Bernardo was the illegitimate child of Ambrosio OHiggins, a Spanish officer born in Ireland who immigrated to South America and rose through the ranks of the Spanish bureaucracy, eventually reaching the high post of Viceroy of Peru. His mother Isabel Riquelme was the daughter of a prominent local, and he was raised with her family. Bernardo only met his father once (and at that time he did not know who he was) and spent most of his early life with his mother and traveling. As a young man, he went to England, where he lived on a small allowance that his father sent him. While there, Bernardo was tutored by legendary Venezuelan Revolutionary Francisco de Miranda. Return to Chile Ambrosio formally recognized his son in 1801 on his deathbed, and Bernardo suddenly found himself the owner of a prosperous estate in Chile. He returned to Chile and took possession of his inheritance, and for a few years he lived quietly in obscurity. He was appointed to the governing body as the representative of his region. Bernardo might well have lived his life as a farmer and local politician if it were not for the great tide of independence that was building in South America. OHiggins and Independence OHiggins was an important supporter of the September 18 movement in Chile, which began the nations struggle for independence. When it became apparent that the actions of Chile would lead to war, he raised two cavalry regiments and an infantry militia, mostly recruited from families who worked his lands. As he had no training, he learned how to use weapons from veteran soldiers. Juan Martà ­nez de Rozas was president and OHiggins supported him, but Rozas was accused of corruption and criticized for sending valuable troops and resources to Argentina to help the independence movement there. In July 1811, Rozas stepped down and was replaced by a moderate junta. OHiggins and Carrera The junta was soon overthrown by Josà © Miguel Carrera, a charismatic young Chilean aristocrat who had distinguished himself in the Spanish army in Europe before deciding to join the rebel cause. OHiggins and Carrera would have a tempestuous, complicated relationship for the duration of the struggle. Carrera was more dashing, outspoken, and charismatic, while OHiggins was more circumspect, brave, and pragmatic. During the early years of the struggle, OHiggins was generally subordinate to Carrera  and dutifully followed his orders as best he could. This power dynamic would not last, however. The Siege of Chilln After a series of skirmishes and small battles against the Spanish and royalist forces from 1811–1813, OHiggins, Carrera, and other rebel generals chased the royalist army into the city of Chilln. They laid siege to the city in July of 1813, in the middle of the harsh Chilean winter. The siege was a disaster for the rebels. The patriots could not completely dislodge the royalists. When they did manage to take part of the town, the rebel forces engaged in raping and looting, which caused the province to sympathize with the royalist side. Many of Carreras soldiers, suffering in the cold without food, deserted. Carrera was forced to lift the siege on August 10, admitting that he could not take the city. Meanwhile, OHiggins had distinguished himself as a cavalry commander. Appointed Commander Not long after Chilln, Carrera, OHiggins, and their men were ambushed at a site called El Roble. Carrera fled the battlefield, but OHiggins remained despite a bullet wound in his leg. OHiggins turned the tide of the battle and emerged a national hero. The ruling junta in Santiago had seen enough of Carrera after his fiasco at Chilln and his cowardice at El Roble and made OHiggins commander of the army. OHiggins, always modest, argued against the move, saying that a change of high command was a bad idea, but the junta had decided: OHiggins would lead the army. The Battle of Rancagua OHiggins and his generals battled Spanish and royalist forces throughout Chile for another year before the next decisive engagement. In September 1814, Spanish General Mariano Osorio was moving a large force of royalists into position to take Santiago and end the rebellion. The rebels decided to make a stand outside the town of Rancagua, on the way to the capital. The Spanish crossed the river and drove off a rebel force under Luà ­s Carrera (brother of Josà © Miguel). Another Carrera brother, Juan Josà ©, was trapped in the city. OHiggins bravely moved his men into the city to reinforce Juan Josà © in spite of the approaching army, which far outnumbered the rebels in the city. Although OHiggins and the rebels fought very bravely, the result was predictable. The massive royalist force eventually  drove the rebels out of the city. The defeat could have been avoided had Luà ­s Carreras army returned, but it did not- under orders from Josà © Miguel. The devastating loss at Rancagua meant that Santiago would have to be abandoned: There was no way to keep the Spanish army out of the Chilean capital. Exile OHiggins and thousands of other Chilean rebels made the weary trek into Argentina and exile. He was joined by the Carrera brothers, who immediately began jockeying for position in the exile camp. Argentinas independence leader,  Josà © de San Martà ­n, supported OHiggins, and the Carrera brothers were arrested. San Martà ­n began working with Chilean patriots to organize the liberation of Chile. Meanwhile, the victorious Spanish in Chile were punishing the civilian population for their support of the rebellion. Their harsh brutality only caused the people of Chile to long for independence. When OHiggins returned, the general population was ready. Return to Chile San Martà ­n believed that all of the lands to the south would be vulnerable as long as Peru remained a royalist stronghold. Therefore, he raised an army. His plan was to cross the Andes, liberate Chile, and then march on Peru. OHiggins was his choice as the man to lead Chiles liberation. No other Chilean commanded the respect that OHiggins did (with the possible exception of the Carrera brothers, whom San Martà ­n did not trust). On January 12, 1817, a formidable rebel army of some 5,000 soldiers set out from Mendoza to cross the mighty Andes. Like  Simà ³n Bolà ­vars epic 1819 crossing of the Andes, this expedition was very harsh. San Martà ­n and OHiggins lost some men in the crossing, although their sound planning meant that most soldiers survived. A clever ruse had sent the Spanish scrambling to defend the wrong passes and the army arrived in Chile unopposed. The Army of the Andes, as it was called, defeated the royalists at the  Battle of Chacabuco  on February 12, 1817, clearing the path to Santiago. When San Martà ­n defeated the Spanish last-gasp attack at the  Battle of Maipu  on April 5, 1818, the rebel victory was complete. By September 1818, most Spanish and royalist forces had retreated to try to defend Peru, the last Spanish stronghold on the continent. End of the Carreras San Martà ­n turned his attention to Peru, leaving OHiggins in charge of Chile as a virtual dictator. At first, he had no serious opposition: Juan Josà © and Luis Carrera had been captured attempting to infiltrate the rebel army. They were executed in Mendoza. Josà © Miguel, OHiggins greatest enemy, spent the years from 1817 to 1821 in southern Argentina with a small army, raiding towns in the name of gathering funds and weapons for liberation. He was finally executed after being captured, ending the long-standing and bitter OHiggins-Carrera feud. OHiggins the Dictator OHiggins, left in power by San Martà ­n, proved to be an authoritarian ruler. He hand-picked a Senate and the 1822 Constitution allowed representatives to be elected to a toothless legislative body.  OHiggins was a de facto dictator. He believed that Chile needed a strong leader to implement change and control simmering royalist sentiment. OHiggins was a liberal who promoted education and equality and curtailed the privileges of the wealthy. He abolished all noble titles, even though there were few in Chile. He changed the tax code and did much to encourage commerce, including the completion of the Maipo Canal. Leading citizens who had repeatedly supported the royalist cause saw their lands taken away if they had left Chile and they were heavily taxed if they remained. The Bishop of Santiago, the royalist-leaning Santiago Rodrà ­guez Zorrilla, was exiled to Mendoza. OHiggins further alienated the church by allowing Protestantism into the new nation and by reserving the right to meddle in church appointments. He made many improvements to the military, establishing different branches of service, including a Navy to be led by the Scotsman Lord Thomas Cochrane. Under OHiggins, Chile remained active in the liberation of South America, often sending reinforcements and supplies to San Martà ­n and  Simon Bolà ­var, then fighting in Peru. Downfall OHiggins support began to erode quickly. He had angered the elite by taking away their noble titles and, in some cases, their lands. He then alienated the commercial class by continuing to contribute to expensive wars in Peru. His finance minister Josà © Antonio Rodrà ­guez Aldea was revealed to be corrupt, using the office for personal gain. By 1822, hostility to OHiggins had reached a crucial point. The opposition to OHiggins gravitated towards General Ramà ³n  Freile as a leader, himself a hero of the Independence wars, if not a hero of OHiggins stature. OHiggins attempted to placate his foes with a new constitution, but it was too little, too late. Seeing that cities were prepared to rise against him in arms, OHiggins agreed to step down on January 28, 1823. He remembered only too well the costly feuding between himself and the Carreras and how a lack of unity had almost cost Chile its independence. He went out in dramatic fashion, baring his chest to the assembled politicians and leaders who had turned against him and inviting them to take their bloody revenge. Instead, all present cheered for him and escorted him to his home. Exile General Josà © Marà ­a de la Cruz claimed that OHiggins peaceful departure from power avoided a good deal of bloodshed and said, OHiggins was greater in those hours than he had been in the most glorious days of his life. Intending to go into exile in Ireland, OHiggins made a stop in Peru, where he was warmly welcomed and given a large estate. OHiggins had always been a somewhat simple man and a reluctant general, hero, and president, and he happily settled into his life as a landowner. He met Bolà ­var and offered his services, but when he was offered only a ceremonial position, he returned home. Final Years and Death During his final years, OHiggins acted as an unofficial ambassador from Chile to Peru, although he never did return to Chile. He meddled in the politics of both countries, and he was on the verge of being unwelcome in Peru when he was invited back to Chile in 1842. He did not make it home, as he died of heart trouble while en route on October 24, 1842. Legacy Bernardo OHiggins was an unlikely hero. He was a bastard for most of his early life, unrecognized by his father, who was a devout supporter of the king. Bernardo was ingenious and dignified, not particularly ambitious nor an especially dazzling general or strategist. He was in many ways as unlike Simà ³n Bolivar as it is possible to be: Bolà ­var had much more in common with the dashing, confident Josà © Miguel Carrera. Nevertheless, OHiggins had many positive qualities that were not always apparent. He was brave, honest, forgiving, and dedicated to the cause of liberty. He did not back down from fights, even those he could not win. During the wars of liberation, he was often open to compromise when more stubborn leaders like Carrera were not. This prevented unnecessary bloodshed among rebel forces, even if it did mean repeatedly allowing the hot-headed Carrera back into power. Like many heroes, most of OHiggins failings have been forgotten and his successes are exaggerated and celebrated in Chile. He is revered as the Liberator of his country. His remains lie in a monument called The Altar of the Fatherland. A city is named after him, as well as several Chilean navy ships, countless streets, and a military base. Even his time as dictator of Chile, for which he has been criticized for clinging too tightly to power, is viewed by many historians as more beneficial than not. He was a strong personality when his nation needed guidance, yet by most accounts, he did not overly repress the people or use his power for personal gain. Many of his liberal policies, seen as radical at the time, are respected today. Sources Concha Cruz, Alejandor and Maltà ©s Cortà ©s, Julio.  Historia de Chile.  Bibliogrfica Internacional, 2008.Harvey, Robert.  Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence. The Overlook Press, 2000.Lynch, John.  The Spanish American Revolutions 1808–1826. W. W. Norton Company, 1986.Scheina, Robert L.  Latin Americas Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791–1899. Brasseys Inc., 2003.Concha Cruz, Alejandor and Maltà ©s Cortà ©s, Julio.  Historia de Chile  Santiago: Bibliogrfica Internacional, 2008.Harvey, Robert.  Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence.The Overlook Press, 2000.Lynch, John.  The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826. W. W. Norton Company, 1986.Scheina, Robert L.  Latin Americas Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899. Brasseys Inc., 2003.

Literature Review Example

Literature Review Example Literature Review – Coursework Example Problem ment Problem ment The problem is that performance evaluations for educators do not always adequately reflect the true effectiveness of the teachers themselves. In an era of increasing scrutiny facing America’s educational system, it is not surprising to know that educators themselves are finding that they are held to a higher standard than in the past. At the same time, there are a variety of external factors that have contributed to the rapid decline in quality of that nation’s school system, and not all of these can be seen as a direct reflection of the quality of teaching and the instructional methodologies implemented into the classroom. As such, there is a growing concern that the performance evaluations being used today are outdated and to not reflect the true nature of the profession. Evaluations are certainly used in nearly every professional occupation as a measure of an employees effectiveness on the job. Teaching, however, is a unique profession wher e employees are expected, to some degree, to be individualistic in their approach to the job in order to bring out their own unique skills and abilities. As such, one evaluation to fit every educator is no longer suitable in an era of increased accountability being faced at all levels. In addition, many evaluations are tied to student performance, both in and out of the classroom, yet such situations are often outside of the control of most teachers. To directly link a teacher’s effectiveness with the ability of their students is creating problems that might be best addressed by evaluating the very educator evaluation system currently in place. ReferencesBoehm, V. (1980). Research in the real world: A conceptual model. Personnel Psychology, 33(3), 495-503.

Mill's Utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mill's Utilitarianism - Essay Example That is why he tries to show that justice and utility are able not only to coexist, but also cooperate. He points about that a fundamental part of justice is the desire to punish. Indeed, the former notion is often connected to various actions which might have a certain violent aspect, for example, a court ruling is basically a punishment for a person (50). So, he draws a connection between justice and some negative effects that it may have on people. Mill also suggests that justice might be perceived as a form of retaliation or vengeance that is applied to people who violates the rule and regulation which were created by the society (52). In other words, the social environment takes defensive actions in the form of justice in order to punish those how did not follow the conventions and thus became a treat to it. What is more important is that this desire to retaliate is seen by Mill as an essential constituent of a human being. Indeed, it is a part of our nature to hurt those who hurt us (55). He points out that this kind of attitude to others allows people to build a social environment that provided them with security. Nevertheless, in the case of justice this natural desire is conditioned by other characteristic features of a human being, such as intellect and sympathy (11). In other words, when violent actions addressed to those who hurt as go through the prism of intellect and sympathy, they become justice that is being applied to those who should be punished. Finally, the range of people who are likely to experience the consequences of justice is defined by Mill in the following way. On the one hand, this number includes those people who hurt a particular individual (50). For example, a person who commits robbery hurts another person and the latter perceives it is an act of injustice that was directed at him or her personally. In this case the